The art and science of protective relaying

The art and science of protective relaying

Contents

1. The philosophy of protective relaying
What is protective relaying?
The function of protective relaying
Fundamental principles of protective relaying
- primary relaying
- back-up relaying
- protection against other abnormal conditions
Functional characteristics of protective relaying
- sensitivity, selectivity, and speed
- reliability
How do protective relays operate?

2. Fundamental relay-operating principles and characteristics

General considerations
- operating principles
- definitions of operation
- operation indicators
- seal-in and holding coils, and seal-in relays
- adjustment of pickup or reset
- time delay and its definitions
Single-quantity relays of the electromagnetic-attraction type
- operating principle
- ratio of reset to pickup
- tendency toward vibration
Directional relays of the electromagnetic attraction type
- operating principle
- efficiency
- ratio of continuous thermal capacity to pickup
Induction-type relays–general operating principles
- the production of actuating force
- types of actuating structure

Single-quantity induction relays
- torque control
- effect of frequency
- effect of d-c offset
- ratio of reset to pickup

Directional induction relays
- torque relations in terms of actuating quantities
- the significance of the term “directional”
- the polarizing quantity of a directional relay
- the operating characteristic of a directional relay
- the “constant-product” characteristic
- effect of d-c offset and other transients
The universal relay-torque equation

3. Current, voltage, directional, current (or voltage)-balance, and differential relays

General protective-relay features
Overcurrent, undercurrent, overvoltage, and undervoltage relays
D-C directional relays
A-C directional relays
Current (or voltage) – balance relays
Differential relays

4. Distance relays

The impedance-type distance relay
The modified impedance-type distance relay
The reactance-type distance relay
The mho-type distance relay
General considerations applicable to all distance relays

5. Wire-pilot relays

Why current-differential relaying is not used
Purpose of a pilot
Tripping and blocking pilots
D-C wire-pilot relaying
Additional fundamental considerations
A-C wire-pilot relaying

6. Carrier-current-pilot and microwave-pilot relays

The carrier-current pilot
The microwave pilot
Phase-comparison relaying
Directional-comparison relaying
Looking ahead

7. Current transformers

Types of current transformers
Calculation of ct accuracy
Polarity and connections

8. Voltage transformers

Accuracy of potential transformers
Capacitance potential devices
The use of low-tension voltage
Polarity and connections

9. Methods for analyzing generalizing, and visualizing relay response

The R-X diagram
Short circuits
Power swings and loss of synchronism
Response of polyphase directional relays to positive- and negative-phase-sequence volt-amperes
Response of single-phase directional relays to short circuits
Phase-sequence filters

10 A.C generator and motor protection

Generator protection

11. Transformer protection

Power transformers and power auto transformers
Step voltage regulators
Grounding transformers
Electric arc-furnace transformers
Power-rectifier transformers

12 bus protection

Protection by back-up relays
The fault bus1
Directional-comparison relaying
Current-differential relaying with over current relays
Partial-differential relaying
Current-differential relaying with percentage-differential relays
Voltage-differential relaying with “linear couplers”
Current-differential relaying with over voltage relays
Combined power-transformer and bus protection
The value of bus sectionalizing
Back-up protection for bus faults
Grounding the secondaries of differentially connected ct’s
Once-a-shift testing of differential-relaying equipment

13. Line protection with over current relays
How to set inverse-time-over current relays for coordination
Arc and ground resistance
Effect of loop circuits on over current relay adjustments
Effect of system on choice of inverseness of relay characteristic
The use of instantaneous over current relays
An incidental advantage of instantaneous over current relaying
Overreach of instantaneous over current relays
The directional feature
Use of two versus three relays for phase-fault protection
Single-phase versus poly phase directional-over current relays
How to prevent single-phase directional over current-relay misoperation during ground faults
Adjustment of ground versus phase relays
Effect of limiting the magnitude of ground-fault current
Transient ct errors
Detection of ground faults in ungrounded systems
Effect of ground-fault neutralizers on line relaying
The effect of open phases not accompanied by a short circuit
The effect of open phases accompanied by short circuits
Polarizing the directional units of ground relays
Negative-phase-sequence directional units for ground-fault relaying
Current-balance and power-balance relaying
Automatic reclosing
Restoration of service to distribution feeders after prolonged outages
Coordinating with fusesA-C and capacitor tripping

14. Line protection with distance relays

The choice between impedance, reactance, or mho
The adjustment of distance relays
The effect of arcs on distance-relay operation
The effect of intermediate current sources on distance-relay operation
Overreach because of offset current waves
Overreach of ground distance relays for phase faults
Use of low-tension voltage
Use of low-tension current
Effect of power-transformer magnetizing-current inrush on distance-relay operation
The connections of ground distance relays
Operation when PT fuses blow
Purposeful tripping on loss of synchronism
Blocking tripping on loss of synchronism
Automatic reclosing
Effect of presence of expulsion protective gaps
Effect of a series capacitor
Cost-reduction schemes for distance relaying
Electronic distance relays

15. Line protection with pilot relays

Wire-pilot relaying
Obtaining adequate sensitivity
The protection of multiterminal lines
Current-transformer requirements
Back-up protection
Carrier-current-pilot relaying
Phase comparison
Directional comparison
Combined phase and directional comparison
All-electronic directional-comparison equipment
High-speed reclosing

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Handbook of electrical safety

Handbook of electrical safety

Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION1-1
1.1 PURPOSE
1.2 SCOPE
1.3 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ)

2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE OR REPAIRS
2.1.1 WORK ON ENERGIZED/DEENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.1.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKING ON ENERGIZED SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
2.1.3. SAFETY WATCH RESPONSIBILITIES AND QUALIFICATIONS
2.2 BASIC SAFEGUARDS
2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3.1 MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3.2 EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES
2.4 REVIEWS/INSPECTIONS
2.5 APPROVAL OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.6 CODES, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS
2.7 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS
2.7.1 HOW A GFCI WORKS
2.7.2 USES

2.8 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS OF QUALIFIED WORKERS
2.8.1 FORMAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS
2.8.2 TRAINING OF SAFETY PERSONNEL
2.9 WORKING SPACE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.9.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED AT 600 VOLTS OR LESS
2.9.2 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED OVER 600 VOLTS
2.10 IDENTIFICATION OF DISCONNECTION MEANS
2.10.1 DISCONNECTING MEANS
2.10.2 PANELBOARD CIRCUIT DIRECTORIES
2.10.3 ENCLOSURE LABELING
2.10.4 LOAD LABELING
2.10.5 SOURCE LABELING
2.11 WORK INSTRUCTIONS
2.11.1 SAFE WORK INSTRUCTIONS AND SUPERVISION
2.11.2 WORK INSTRUCTIONS
2.11.3 WORK PLANNING
2.12 ELECTRICAL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
2.12.1 MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITIES
2.12.2 INSPECTING PPE
2.12.3 CLEANING AND ELECTRICAL TESTING OF PPE
2.12.3.1 TESTING
2.12.3.2 TESTING APPARATUS
2.12.3.3 RETESTED PPE
2.12.4 LIVE-LINE TOOLS
2.12.4.1 FIBERGLASS-HANDLED TOOLS
2.12.4.2 WOODEN-HANDLED TOOLS
2.12.5 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE
2.12.6 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE FOR LIVE-LINE TOOLS
2.12.7 RUBBER-INSULATED GLOVES
2.12.8 STORAGE
2.12.9 SAFETY SHOES, HATS, AND GLASSES

2.13 WORK PRACTICES
2.13.1 TRAINING
2.13.1.1 LIVE PARTS
2.13.1.2 SAFE PROCEDURE
2.13.1.3 CIRCUITS AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.1.4 STORED ELECTRICAL ENERGY
2.13.1.5 STORED NONELECTRICAL ENERGY
2.13.1.6 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURE
2.13.2 VERIFICATION OF DEENERGIZED CONDITION
2.13.2.1 VOLTAGE VERIFICATION TEST
2.13.2.2 APPLICATION OF GROUNDS
2.13.3 REENERGIZING EQUIPMENT
2.13.3.1 TESTS AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS
2.13.3.2 WARNING EMPLOYEES
2.13.3.3 REMOVING LOCK AND TAG
2.13.4 SAFE ENERGIZED WORK (HOT WORK)
2.13.4.1 APPROACH DISTANCE
2.13.4.2 TWO WORKERS
2.13.4.3 ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES
2.13.4.4 UNEXPECTED ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
2.13.4.5 ILLUMINATION
2.13.4.6 SYSTEMS UNDER LOAD
2.13.4.7 WORKING WITH TEST INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.4.7.1 QUALIFIED EMPLOYEES
2.13.4.7.2 VISUAL INSPECTIONS
2.13.4.7.3 RATING INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.4.7.4 CALIBRATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

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Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers

Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers

Contents

1. Concepts of Alternating Current
2. Inductance
3. Capacitance
4. Inductive and Capacitive Reactance
5. Transformers

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Energy-Efficient Electric Motor Selection Handbook

Energy-Efficient Electric Motor Selection Handbook

Contents

1. Introduction
When to buy energy-efficient motors
Industrial motor population and uses
Annual electric motor sales

2. Energy-Efficient Motor Performance and Price
Motor Losses and Loss Reduction Techniques
Determining and Comparing Motor Efficiencies
Motor Efficient Testing Standards
Testing Equipment Accuracy Limitations
NEMA Motor Nameplate Labeling Standards

3. How Much Can You Save?
Understanding your Utility’s Rate Schedule
Determining Load Factor
Determining Operating Hours
Determining Annual Energy Savings
Motor Purchase Prices
Assessing Economic Feasibility
Recommendations for Motor Purchases

4. Obtaining Motor Efficiency Data

5. Energy-Efficient Motor Selection Guidelines
Initial Motor Purchases
Motor Failure and Rewind Scenario
Replacement of Operable Standard-Efficiency Motors
Oversized and Under load Motors

6. Speed, Design Voltage, Enclosure,
Part-load Efficiency, and Power Factor
Sensitivity of Efficiency Gains to Motor RPM
Operating Voltage on Motor Performance
Motor Speed and Enclosure Considerations
Efficiency Improvements at Part-Load Conditions
Power Factor Improvement

7. Motor Operation Under Abnormal Conditions
Over Voltage
Under Voltage
Phase Voltage Imbalance
Load Shedding

8. Motor Selection Considerations
Motor Enclosures
Motor Insulation Systems
Service Factor
Motor Speed, Slip, and Torque Characteristics
9. Additional Benefits of Energy-Efficient Motors

10. Starting Your Motor Improvement Program

11. Energy-Efficient Motors: Twenty Questions and Answers

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Electrical Power Supply and Distribution

Electrical Power Supply and Distribution

Contents

1. GENERAL

Purpose
Scope
References
Standards and Codes
Power Supply Design Criteria
Electrical Power Systems
Design Procedures
Evaluation and Selection of Energy Systems
Design Analysis
Service Conditions
Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms

2. ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS

General
Load Estimation

3. VOLTAGE SELECTION

General
System Voltage Classifications
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for New Installations
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for Existing Installations
Commercial Power for Air Force Installations
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for Air Force Installations

4. MAIN ELECTRIC SUPPLY STATIONS/SUBSTATIONS

Provisions
Ownership
Station Designation and Elements
Main Electric Supply Station/Substation
Environmental Aspects
Incoming Line Switching Equipment
Substation Equipment
Miscellaneous Station Design Criteria
Substation Equipment at Air Force Installations

5. ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION LINES

Selection
Types of Underground Lines
Types of Aerial Lines
Voltage Drop
Power Factor Correction
Medium-Voltage Circuits
Pad-Mounted Line Sectionalizing Equipment
Joint Electrical/Communication Lines for Air Force Installation

6. AERIAL DISTRIBUTION LINES

General
Installation Considerations
Conductors
Poles
Circuit Configurations
Insulators
Guying
Miscellaneous Items
Air Force Installations

7. UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION LINES

General
Cable
Duct Lines
Manholes, Handholes, and Pull boxes
Direct-Burial Cable Installations

8. TRANSFORMER INSTALLATIONS

Definitions
Installation of Distribution-to-Utilization Voltage Transformers
Installation of Transmission-to-Distribution Voltage Transformers
Transformer Dielectrics
Transformer Characteristics
Amorphous Metal-Core Transformers
Transformers at Air Force Installations

9. SURGE PROTECTION AND GROUNDING

Voltage Surges and Potential Gradients
Methods of Controlling Voltage Surges and Potential Gradients
Ground Electrodes
Grounding Details and Requirements

10. ROADWAY AND AREA LIGHTING

General
Roadway Lighting Design
Area Lighting Design
Walkway and Bike way Lighting Design
Light Sources
Lighting Control and Wiring System

11. SECURITY LIGHTING

General
Authorization
Use of Security Lighting Systems
Types of Areas to be Lighted
Lighting Guidelines
Light Sources
Electrical Power Sources
Luminaries
Wiring and Control
Field Measurement

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Power Transformer Maintenance

Power Transformer Maintenance – Facilities Standards, Instructions, and Techniques

Contents
1. Purpose
2. Introduction to Reclamation Transformers
3. Transformer Cooling Methods
3.1 Dry Type Transformers
3.1.1 Potential Problems and Remedial Actions for Dry Type Transformer Cooling Systems
3.2 Liquid-Immersed Transformers
3.2.1 Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled
3.2.2 Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled/Forced Liquid-Cooled
3.2.3 Liquid-Immersed, Water-Cooled
3.2.4 Liquid-Immersed, Forced Liquid-Cooled
3.2.5 Potential Problems and Remedial Actions for Liquid Filled Transformer Cooling Systems
3.2.6 Cooling System Inspections
4. Oil-Filled Transformer Inspections
4.1 Oil-Filled Transformers
4.1.1 Transformer Tank
4.1.2 Top Oil Thermometers
4.1.3 Winding Temperature Thermometers
4.1.4 Oil Level Indicators
4.1.5 Pressure Relief Devices
4.1.6 Sudden Pressure Relay
4.1.7 Buchholz Relay
4.1.8 Transformer Bushings: Testing and Maintenance of High-Voltage Bushings
4.2 Oil Preservation Sealing Systems
4.2.1 Sealing Systems Types
4.2.2 Gas Pressure Control Components
4.3 Gaskets
4.4 Transformer Oils
4.4.1 Transformer Oil Functions
4.4.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis
4.4.3 Key Gas Method
4.4.4 Transformer Diagnosis Using Individual and Total Dissolved Key Gas Concentrations
4.4.5 Rogers Ratio Method of DGA
4.5 Moisture Problems
4.5.1 Dissolved Moisture in Transformer Oil
4.5.2 Moisture in Transformer Insulation
4.6 Transformer Oil Tests That Should Be Done Annually With the Dissolved Gas Analysis
4.6.1 Dielectric Strength
4.6.2 Interfacial Tension (IFT)
4.6.3 Acid Number
4.6.4 Test for Oxygen Inhibitor
4.6.5 Power Factor
4.6.6 Furans
4.6.7 Taking Oil Samples for DGA
4.6.8 Silicone Oil-Filled Transformers
4.7 Transformer Testing
4.7.1 Winding Resistances
4.7.2 Core Insulation Resistance and Inadvertent Core Ground Test

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Transformers – Basics, Maintenance, Diagnostics

Transformers – Basics, Maintenance, Diagnostics

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Transformers
2.1 Principle of Operation
2.2 Transformer Action
2.3 Transformer Voltage and Current
2.4 The Magnetic Circuit
2.5 Core Losses
2.6 Copper Losses
2.7 Transformer Rating
2.8 Percent Impedance
2.9 Internal Forces
2.10 Autotransformers
2.11 Instrument Transformers
2.12 Potential Transformers
2.13 Current Transformers
2.14 Transformer Taps
2.15 Transformer Bushings
2.16 Transformer Polarity
2.17 Single-Phase Transformer Connections for Typical Service to Buildings
2.18 Parallel Operation of Single-Phase Transformers for Additional Capacity
2.19 Three-Phase Transformer Connections
2.20 Wye and Delta Connections
2.21 Three-Phase Connections Using Single-Phase Transformers
2.22 Paralleling Three-Phase Transformers
2.23 Methods of Cooling
2.24 Oil-Filled – Self-Cooled Transformers
2.25 Forced-Air and Forced-Oil-Cooled Transformers
2.26 Transformer Oil
2.27 Conservator System
2.28 Oil-Filled, Inert-Gas System
2.29 Indoor Transformers
3. Routine Maintenance
3.1 Introduction to Reclamation Transformers
3.2 Transformer Cooling Methods Introduction
3.3 Dry-Type Transformers
3.3.1 Potential Problems and Remedial Actions for Dry-Type Transformer Cooling Systems
3.4 Liquid-Immersed Transformers
3.4.1. Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled
3.4.2 Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled/Forced Liquid-Cooled
3.4.3 Liquid-Immersed, Water-Cooled
3.4.4 Liquid-Immersed, Forced Liquid-Cooled
3.4.5 Potential Problems and Remedial Actions for Liquid-Filled Transformer Cooling Systems
3.4.6 Cooling System Inspections
4. Oil-Filled Transformer Inspections
4.1 Transformer Tank
4.2 Top Oil Thermometers
4.3 Winding Temperature Thermometers
4.4 Oil Level Indicators
4.5 Pressure Relief Devices
4.6 Sudden Pressure Relay
4.6.1 Testing Suggestion
4.7 Buchholz Relay (Found Only on Transformers with Conservators)
4.8 Transformer Bushings: Testing and Maintenance of High-Voltage Bushings
4.9 Oil Preservation Sealing Systems
4.10 Auxiliary Tank Sealing System
5. Gaskets
5.1 Sealing (Mating) Surface Preparation
5.2 Cork-Nitrile
5.3 Cork-Neoprene
5.4 Nitrile “NBR”
5.5 Gasket Sizing for Standard Groove Depths
5.6 Rectangular Nitrile Gaskets
5.7 Bolting Sequences to Avoid Sealing Problems
6. Transformer Oils
6.1 Transformer Oil Functions
6.1.1 Dissolved Gas Analysis
6.1.2 Key Gas Method
6.1.3 Sampling Intervals and Recommended Actions
6.1.4 Atmospheric Gases
6.1.5 Dissolved Gas Software
6.1.6 Temperature
6.1.7 Gas Mixing
6.1.8 Gas Solubility
6.1.9 Diagnosing a Transformer Problem Using Dissolved Gas Analysis and the Duval Triangle
6.1.10 Carbon Dioxide/Carbon Monoxide Ratio
6.1.11 Moisture Problems
7. Transformer Oil Tests that Should Be Completed Annually with the Dissolved Gas Analysis
7.1 Dielectric Strength
7.2 Acid Number
7.3 Test for Oxygen Inhibitor
7.4 Power Factor
7.5 Oxygen
7.6 Furans
7.7 Oil Treatment Specification
7.7.1 Taking Oil Samples for DGA
8. Silicone Oil-Filled Transformers
8.1 Background
8.2 Carbon Monoxide in Silicone Transformers
8.3 Comparison of Silicone Oil and Mineral Oil Transformers
8.4 Gas Limits
8.5 Physical Test Limits
9. Transformer Testing
9.1 DC Winding Resistance Measurement
9.2 Core Insulation Resistance and Inadvertent Core Ground Test (Megger)
9.3 Doble Tests on Insulation
9.4 Visual Inspection
9.5 Ultrasonic and Sonic Fault Detection
9.6 Vibration Analysis
9.7 Turns Ratio Test
9.8 Estimate of Paper Deterioration (Online)
9.9 Estimate of Paper Deterioration (Offline During Internal Inspection)
9.10 Transformer Operating History
9.11 Transformer Diagnostics/Condition

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Electrical Energy Efficiency

Electrical Energy Efficiency

Contents

1. Introduction
1.1. Financial Appraisal
1.1.1. The purpose of financial appraisal
1.1.2. How can energy saving opportunities be identified?
1.1.3. Why are energy reduction initiatives assigned such a low priority for funds?
1.1.4. How can this low priority be over come?
1.1.5. The Capital Return Budget
1.2. Technical Overview
1.2.1. Conductor Material
1.2.1.1. Interactive Software
1.2.2. Electricity Generation in the UK
1.2.2.1. The Electricity Pool

2. Energy-Efficient Motors
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Energy Losses
2.3. Economic Justification for selecting High-Efficiency Motors
2.4. Case Histories
2.4.1. Brass Extrusion Mill
2.4.2. Whisky Distillery
2.4.3. Photographic Laboratory
2.4.4. Copper Mine and Refinery
2.4.5. Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Plant (HeVAC)

3. Transformers
3.1. The Nature of Transformer Losses
3.1.1. No-load Loss
3.1.2. Load Loss
3.1.3. Stray Loss
3.2. Loss Evaluation
3.3. Industrial Users
3.4. Dry-Type Transformers

4. Power Cables
4.1. Energy Costs
4.2. IEE Regulations
4.2.1. Cost Considerations
4.3. Optimum Cable Size
4.3.1. Best Conductor Material
4.4. Power Quality
4.5. Busbars

5. A Systems Approach to Calculating Energy Saving

Appendix

Download  http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/energy-efficiency/downloads/pub-116-electrical-energy-efficiency.pdf

Electric Power Distribution Handbook

Electric Power Distribution Handbook

The Electric Power Distribution Handbook gives readers the tools they need to understand the science and practices of distribution systems.

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Handbook of Electrical Science

Handbook of Electrical Science

Volume 1 of 4
Module 1 – Basic Electrical Theory
This module describes basic electrical concepts and introduces electrical terminology.
Module 2 – Basic DC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of direct current (DC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.

Volume 2 of 4
Module 3 – DC Circuits

This module introduces the rules associated with the reactive components of inductance and capacitance and how they affect DC circuits.
Module 4 – Batteries
This module introduces batteries and describes the types of cells used, circuit arrangements, and associated hazards.
Module 5 – DC Generators
This module describes the types of DC generators and their application in terms of voltage production and load characteristics.
Module 6 – DC Motors
This module describes the types of DC motors and includes discussions of speed control, applications, and load characteristics.

Volume 3 of 4
Module 7 – Basic AC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of alternating current (AC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.
Module 8 – AC Reactive Components
This module describes inductance and capacitance and their effects on AC circuits.
Module 9 – AC Power
This module presents power calculations for single-phase and three-phase AC circuits and includes the power triangle concept.
Module 10 – AC Generators
This module describes the operating characteristics of AC generators and includes terminology, methods of voltage production, and methods of paralleling AC generation sources.
Module 11 – Voltage Regulators
This module describes the basic operation and application of voltage regulators.

Volume 4 of 4
Module 12 – AC Motors
This module explains the theory of operation of AC motors and discusses the various types of AC motors and their application.

Module 13 – Transformers

This module introduces transformer theory and includes the types of transformers, voltage/current relationships, and application.
Module 14 – Test Instruments and Measuring Devices

This module describes electrical measuring and test equipment and includes the parameters measured and the principles of operation of common instruments.
Module 15 – Electrical Distribution Systems
This module describes basic electrical distribution systems and includes characteristics of system design to ensure personnel and equipment safety.

 Volume - 1   Download   http://www.artikel-software.com/file/es-v1.pdf
 Volume - 2   Download   http://www.artikel-software.com/file/es-v2.pdf

 Volume - 3   Download   http://www.artikel-software.com/file/es-v3.pdf
 Volume - 4   Download   http://www.artikel-software.com/file/es-v4.pdf

Lal Bhadur Shaastri

The Real Leaders of India

Lal Bahadur Shastri
Date of Birth	:	Oct 2, 1904
Date of Death	:	Jan 11, 1966
Place of Birth	:	Uttar Pradesh
Political party	:	Indian National Congress
Took Office	:	Jun 9, 1964
Left Office	:	Jan 11, 1966
Successor	:	Gulzarilal Nanda

Lal Bahadur Shastri was the second Prime Minister of independent India and a significant figure in the struggle for independence. Shashtriji was born in Mughalsarai, in Uttar Pradesh. To take part in the non-cooperation movement of Mahatma Gandhi in 1921, he began studying at the nationalist, Kashi Vidyapeeth in Kashi, and upon completion, he was given the title Shastri, or Scholar, Doctor at Kashi Vidyapeeth in 1926. He spent almost nine years in jail in total, mostly after the start of the Satyagraha movement in 1940, he was imprisoned until 1946. Following India's independence, he was Home Minister under Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant of Uttar Pradesh. In 1951, he was appointed General Secretary of the Lok Sabha before re-gaining a ministerial post as Railways Minister. He resigned as Minister following a rail disaster near Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu. He returned to the Cabinet following the General Elections, first as Minister for Transport, in 1961, he became Home Minister. After Jawaharlal Nehru's death in May 27, 1964, he became the prime minister. Shastri worked by his natural characteristics to obtain compromises between opposing viewpoints, but in his short tenure was ineffectual in dealing with the economic crisis and food shortage in the nation.

However, he commanded a great deal of respect in the Indian populace, and he used it to advantage in pushing the Green Revolution in India; which directly led to India becoming a food-surplus nation, although he did not live to see it. His administration began on a rocky turf. In 1965 Pakistan attacked India on the Kashmiri front and Lal Bahadur Shastri responded in kind by punching toward Lahore. In 1966 a cease-fire was issued as a result of international pressure. Lal Bahadur Shastri went to Tashkent to hold talks with Ayub Khan and an agreement was soon signed. Lal Bahadur passed away in Tashkent before returning home. All his lifetime, he was known for his honesty and humility. He was the first person to be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna and a memorial "Vijay Ghat" was built for him in Delhi. The slogan 'Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan' is attributed to Shastri. 'If one person gives up one meal in a day, some other person gets his only meal of the day.': made during the food crisis to encourage people to evenly distribute food.

My India

ADOPT

                           God gifts

There are so many reasons to adopt.  In fact there are approximately 147,000,000 to 210,000,000 reasons to adopt.  However, here are just a few statistics (keep in mind that this is an incomplete list and only barely begins to touch the depths of this issue) …

o       There are an estimated 600,000,000 children live in absolute poverty.

o       Every year more than 10,000,000 children die of hunger and preventable diseases – that’s over 30,000 per day and one every 3 seconds.

o       Every year nearly 11,000,000 children die before their fifth birthday.

o       It is estimated there are between 143,000,000 and 210,000,000 orphans worldwide.  The current population of the United States is just a little over 300,000,000… to give you an idea of the enormity of the numbers… (The current population of Russia is 141 million)

o       Of the 993 million children in Asia, approximately 65 million are orphans.

o       Of the 288 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 34 million are orphans
Of the 162 million children in Latin America and the Caribbean, approximately 8 million are orphans

o       In CHINA there are more than 40,000 orphanages with an estimated 3 million orphans. Two in five babies entering the system die.

o       INDIA has more than 18 million children living on the streets. Orphanages are filled with the abandoned.

o       In AFRICA, every 15 seconds, another child becomes an AID’s orphan.

o       In the UNITED STATES there are approximately 500,000 children in the foster care system. Of those, 118,000 are currently available for adoption.

o       Every day 5,760 more children become orphans.

o       143,000,000 Orphans in the world today spend an average of 10 years in an orphanage or foster home.

o       Approximately 250,000 children are adopted annually, but…

o       At age 16 orphans age out of the system.  That means every 2.2 seconds another orphan ages out with no family to belong to and no place to call home.  That is 38,493 every day or 14, 505, 000 children per year.

o       In Russia and the Ukraine alone, studies have shown that 10% – 15% of these children commit sucide before they reach age eighteen.

o       These studies also show that 60% of the girls become prostitutes and 70% of the boys become hardened criminals.

  

 

May our hearts grow softer and our voices rise louder…

“Defend the cause of the weak and the fatherless;
Maintain the rights of the poor and oppressed.
Deliver the weak and the needy from the hand of the wicked.”

Proud to be an Indian

                                             
PROUD TO BE AN INDIAN.

 

Let the world know what we stand for.

There are 3.22 Million Indians in America.
38% of Doctors in America are Indians.
12% of Scientists in America are Indians.
36% of NASA employees are Indians.
34% of MICROSOFT employees are Indians.
28% of IBM employees are Indians.
17% of INTEL employees are Indians.
13% of XEROX employees are Indians.

You may know some of these facts. These facts were recently published in a German Magazine, which deals with 

WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA. 

Ø  India never invaded any country in her last100000 years of history.

Ø  India invented the Number System.

Ø  Aryabhatta invented zero.

Ø  The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700BC.More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

Ø  Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software reported in Forbes magazine, July 1987.

Ø  Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to  humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization.

Ø  Although modern images of India often show poverty and lack of development, India was the richest country on earth until the time of British invasion in the early 17th Century

Ø  The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindh 6000 years ago.The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.

Ø  The Word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.

Ø  Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart.; Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.

Ø  Budhayana first calculated the value of pi, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians.

Ø  Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India;

Ø  Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the11th century; the largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 10 6(10 to the power of 6) whereas Hindus Used numbers as big as 1053 (10 to the power of 53) with specific names as Early as 5000 BCE during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 1012(10 to the power of 12).

Ø  According to the Gemological Institute of America, up until 1896,India was the only source for diamonds to the world.

Ø  USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion in the world scientific community that the pioneer of Wireless communication was Prof. Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.

Ø  The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra. According to Saka King rudradaman I of 150 CE a beautiful lake called 'Sudarshana' was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya's time.

Ø  Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India.

Ø  Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery.

Ø  Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India.

Ø  Over 125 surgical equipment were used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.

Ø  When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.

                            QUOTES ABOUT INDIA:

    Albert Einstein said: We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been   made.
Mark Twain said: India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most structive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only.
French scholar Romain Rolland said: If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India.
Hu Shih, former Ambassador of China to USA said: India conquered And dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.

    All the above is just the TIP of the iceberg, the list could be endless. BUT, if we don't see even a glimpse of that great India in the India That we see today, it clearly means that we are not working up to our Potential and that if we do, we could once again; be an ever shining and Inspiring country setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow. I Hope you enjoyed it and work towards the welfare of INDIA.

PROUD to be an INDIAN.

Civil Services Interview

A peep inside the Civils interview room

Ake Ravi Krishna

IPS.

 Ake Ravi Krishna

Ake Ravi Krishna, who cleared the Civil Services in 2006, is now working as Assistant Superintendent of Police, Chinthapalli, Visakhapatnam district, writes on the interview he faced. It gives an insight into the kind of questions asked and reflects the quality of the members of Interview Board in covering a gamut of subjects and areas without making the interviewee uncomfortable.

The interview started with Mr. Navalawala, Chairman of the Board, asking questions.

He initially glanced through my bio-data.

He started reading out my service preferences - IAS, IFS, IPS, Indian Audit and Accounts Service. (Looked at me for a second) and said, fourth choice Indian Audit Accounts Service (I answered “Yes, sir”).

He then started reading my hobbies - playing chess, writing letters to the editor, writing, acting and directing drama.

Finally, the interview started. 

1.       Why do you write letters to the editor?

Sir, I believe press is the important medium in democracy to bring social change. I want to become  

part of that social change. I started this in a simple manner by writing letters to the editor. I am

planning to write articles in future.

2.       Can you name a few old papers in India?

Sir, The Hindu, Anand Bazaar Patrika, The Times of India...

3.       Do you read Times of India?

Sir, I read The Hindu regularly.

4.       What do you like in that?

Editorial column sir...

5.       Have you read today's paper? What is the major issue on front page of The Hindu?

Sir, it is regarding Ms. Medha Patkar. She has been taken to..

6.       Yes, she has been taken to AIIMS. Do you support government action?

Sir, I do not support government action..

7.       But why? She is almost committing suicide…

Sir, (highly polite) I think she is not committing suicide. She is using the weapon of Mahatma Gandhi - non violence and Satyagraha, and she is fighting for a valid cause..

8.       But government is saying that they have done rehabilitation. How do you support Ms. Medha Patkar...

Sir, government is saying that they have rehabilitated but the real issue is that government has rehabilitated people by giving cash. But tribunal award clearly says it should be given only in kind. That is land for land. Besides, we should not build dams on the broken lives. This is what Ms. Medha Patkar's stand sir..

9.       So are you against big dams....what about Nagarjunasagar and Hirakud dams…

Sir, I am not against big dams per se... What I believe is that rehabilitation and resettlement should precede construction of big dams. Besides, Ms. Medha Patkar has also said that they will accommodate the cause of Narmada dam, if proper rehabilitation is done.

10.   Second Member: You are a gold medallist in Geology.

(nodded my head)

11.   Can you name some famous ancient singers from Andhra Pradesh…

Yes sir… Tygayya, Annamayya..

12.   Contemporary persons?

(Thinking..not able to recollect...) I am not aware sir…

13.   What is the famous South Indian music?

Sir, it is Carnatic music…

14.   Did it originate in Karnataka?

Sir, it is Carnatic. It is not exactly from Karnataka..

15.   OK. Can you name some mineral resources in Andhra Pradesh?

Yes sir, we have coal resources in Singareni Collieries. We have barites in Mangampeta, gold reserves are found in Ramagiri, diamonds are found in Vajrakarur.

(Interrupted in middle…)

16.   What is the quality of Singareni coal?

Sir, it is Gondwana good quality coal but ash content is a bit high.

17.   If you have coal reserves why are you importing coal from Australia for steel plant at Vizag?

(In a polite voice) Sir, I have already said that Singareni coal has some ash content. I think for making coke which is essential for steel manufacturing, that coal is not fully suitable. That is why we are importing coal from Australia.

18.   What is Singareni coal used for?

Sir, it is used for power generation....we have a thermal power plant at Ramagundam.

19.   Do you support Indo-US nuclear deal?

Yes sir.

20.   Why?

Sir, our energy security is under threat due to increasing global oil prices. We need to diversify our energy sector and for that nuclear energy is essential.

21.   What is total power generated in India?

Sir, I cannot recollect the figure.

22.   Guess...

Sir, I think it is around hundred million megawatts.

(Mr. Navalawala corrected it saying it is hundred thousand MW.)

23.   What is future nuclear energy generation capacity in India?

Sir, presently it is 3 per cent. We are planning to make it 20 per cent. Besides, it depends on our installing of new reactors.

24.   OK. How do you estimate some minerals beneath the earth?

Sir, first we do reconnaissance survey. After finding intimations about mineral presence, we go for advanced methods like drilling etc.

25.   Recently, they found gas in KG Basin. Why didn't they find it earlier?

Sir, previously some work was done in this regard. ONGC has been operating in and around this place for a long time. However, exploration activity increased in recent times due globalisation and liberalisation. More private players and investments are coming into this. Reliance recently found gas reserves in KG Basin.

26.   Is there any chance that oil and gas found together in some places?

Sir, I think there is a great chance to find oil and gas together in some places because both form due to decomposition of fossils.

27.   Member (from north-east India): Coming back to your hobby of writing letters to the editor, what is caveat?

Sir, I cannot recollect. (He said it is special column that appears in some papers. I admitted my ignorance politely).

28.   Will you go to NE if you get selection?

Yes sir, NE is a part of India. I am ready to work in any part of the country.

29.   Do you know the problem of Nagaland?

Sir, it has great insurgency problem. There is fight for greater Nagaland.

30.   There is a beautiful word regarding Nagaland, can you name it?

Sir, I cannot....

31.   Which is the State which is close to China?

(After a bit of thinking) Sir, it is Arunachal Pradesh.

32.   What happened in 1962?

Sir, Indo-China war took place during that time. China occupied some of our territory.

33.   What about its stand on Arunachal Pradesh?

(Due to his different accent I could not fully understand it)

Pardon Sir

34.   Arunachal Pradesh is not considered as part of India by China.

Yes sir, China is considering whole of Arunachal Pradesh as a disputed area.

35.   Fourth Member: You are working in SBI

Sir, (in a polite voice) I am working in RBI.

36.   What is difference between RBI and other banks?

Sir, RBI is the central bank of this country. Banks are essentially organisations which accept deposits and lend to the public.

37.   But RBI accepts deposits from the public, taxes collection etc., so there is no difference between banks and RBI.

Sir, I beg to differ with you….(Chairman interrupted and cracked a joke saying, “You don't beg, it is your right to differ that is why you are here”. There was laughter in the room. I also smiled a bit).

Sir, we accept deposits on behalf of the Government since we function as bankers to Government based on the RBI Act, 1934).

38.   What are the other functions of RBI?

Sir, our functions are currency management, we act as banker to the banks, and we are regulators and supervisors of banking industry. Besides, we are the authority to issue monetary and credit policy.

39.   What is the similarity between government's fiscal policy and your RBI's monetary policy?

Sir, the objectives of RBI's monetary policy are to ensure price stability and credit availability.

Similarly the objectives of fiscal policy are growth and employment. In one way both the policies try to bring economic development in the country.

40.   From which denomination RBI release notes?

Sir, it is five and above.

41.   Are you sure... what about two rupee notes?

Yes sir, RBI releases two and above notes (I corrected my answer).

42.   Why do one rupee notes are printed on the guarantee of Government?

Sir, presently the printing of one rupee notes is dispensed with.

43.   But why did they print separately on the behalf of Government...

Sir, I am not aware about it. (actually I know the answer, but it did not strike me at that point of time).

44.   Why did RBI increase interest rates recently?

(Politely) Sir, as far as my knowledge goes, RBI has not increased interest rates recently but it increased repo and reverse repo rates.

45.   Ok. Generally there was an increase of interest rates of bank deposits in recent period, why?

Sir, it happens because of supply and demand gap. Last year, the total deposits raised by banks were Rs. 2.99 lakh crore. But the total demand for credit is around 3.46 lakh crore. There is a huge demand supply gap hence interest rates go up sir.

46.   Do you think it adversely impacts our economy and people?

Sir, I think it will not affect our economy and people because at present our economy is strong.

47.   What is difference between SBI and other banks?

Sir, I cannot recollect.

48.   When were the banks nationalised and what about SBI?

Sir, nationalisation happened in 1969 and 1984. The Imperial Bank was converted as SBI in 1949.

49.   You are right that is the difference. The SBI was formed due to Parliament Act while other banks are based on Company's Act. Do you know Company's Act?

Sir, I am not aware of it.

50.   Will you read it after going home?

Yes sir, I will read.

51.   Why does RBI harass commercial banks?

(After taking a few seconds gap, I answered politely). Sir, it is not harassment, In fact, we are regulators and supervisors of the banking industry. We are facilitators of banking in the country.

52.   Can you name two private sector banks?

Sir, ICICI and HDFC.

53.   Why they are called private banks?

Sir, it is because majority of shares are held by public.

54.   If majority shares held by the public why can't they be known as public banks?

Sir, I think since management of banks is under the control of private people, they are known as private banks.

55.   What are the reasons for growth of Naxal movement in Andhra Pradesh?

Sir, Naxalism breeds on the grounds of underdevelopment. Andhra Pradesh is divided into three regions - Telangana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra. Naxal movement is prevalent in Telangana region because of....(interrupted.).

56.   You tell reasons one, two like that...

Yes sir, underdevelopment and lack of land reforms.

57.   Fifth member: You are a geologist. Is there any similarity between Geology and Pedology?

Yes madam. Geology studies about formation of various rocks. Pedology talks about the various soils. When rocks get weathered, soils are formed. This is the major similarity.

58.   What are the factors of soil formation?

Madam, temperature, rainfall, sunshine and slope.

59.   What do you know about exfoliation?

In hot places, during day time there is an expansion of outer layer of rocks and night time there is contraction. This will lead to breaking of outer layer of rocks.

60.   Are we producing geothermal energy anywhere?

Yes madam, I think it is at Manikaran.

61.   How do you explain to a lay man about geothermal energy?

Madam, inside the earth there is lot of heat. Liquids will be very hot and due to pressure in layers this hot water comes out of the earth. The heat in the hot water is converted into...(interrupted).

62.   Can you name some of the fauna and flora of India?

Madam, Gondwana flora...

63.   You tell class, subclass and genus of some flora and fauna.

Madam, I cannot recollect.

64.   Tonsure is famous in Tirupati. What do they do with that hair?

Madam, I think they auction it every fortnight. Hair is exported after this auction.

65.   What is its use?

They use it for manufacturing of wigs.

66.   People come to Tirupati and drop lot of money in hundies. If it is given to the poor, it will be more useful. What do you say?

Madam, even Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam spends that money doing good things like providing free meals to devotees and people need not spend anything on Tirumala.

67.   But if it is directly given to people don't you think more benefit will be done?

Yes madam, if directly given, there will be greater benefit.

68.   Why do people in Andhra eat more onions? They use onions in all curries.

Madam, there is a Telugu saying, u lli chesay melu talli kuda cheyyadu. Ulli means Onions and t alli means mother. Our ancestors rated the help of onion higher than that of mother. That may be the reason why more onions are used in Andhra Pradesh.

69.   Any geographical reason for more heat in the region?

I am not aware madam.

(Chairman asked second member to ask questions. Second member looked at me....and said, “I think I have already asked you questions”. I replied politely, “yes, sir”)

70.   Chairman (Mr. Navalawala): I will ask two questions and leave you, are you ready?

Yes sir.

71.   What is the famous scale to measure earth quakes?

Sir, it is Ritcher scale.

72.   What is range of the scale?

Sir, it is from 0 to 9.

73.   Are you sure! It is 0 to 10.

Sir, as far as my knowledge goes, it is 0-9.

74.   OK. If on the scale one earthquake has 4 and another 8. Does it mean earthquake 8 is double the power of 4?

It is different sir. If earthquake four is 10 units powerful, 5 will be 20 units powerful and 6 will be 40 units powerful.

75.   What is that scale known as?

Sir, it is logarithm scale.

76.   What is unit of measurement on this scale?

Sir, it is magnitude.

77.   But there is something also...

Sir, I cannot recollect.

78.   Is energy released?

Yes, sir.

79.   Do you know North East?

Yes, Sir.

80.   Can you name all seven States and capitals?

Yes sir...Arunachal Pradesh-Itanagar, Tripura-Agartala, Manipur-Imphal, Nagaland-Kohima, Meghalaya-Shillong, Assam-Dispur...(I got only six and was searching for seventh in my mind).

81.   One board member: “Sikkim”.

(Mr.Navalawala: Sikkim is not part of this seven States. But you tell the capital)

Gangtok.

82.   Another member: “Mizoram has not come in your list. Can you name the capital”.

Yes madam. It is Aizwal. (North east member said it should be pronounced as Oizwal)

Mr. Navalawala: Thank you.

While coming out I could not open the door as it was a bit different. Mr. Navalawala suggested me to pull the door. I gently pulled the door and came out).

My body language was positive. I was smiling and maintained eye contact with the members during interview.

Duration of Interview: 48 minutes

Result: 189/300

Final Result: All-India rank 117.

Service: IPS

Ake Ravi Krishna, IPS.,

Assistant Superintendent of Police,

Chinthpalli.

gandhianpolicing@gmail. com